Advances in perforator flap use for head and neck reconstruction: A systematic review of clinical outcomes and innovations

The use of perforator flaps has revolutionized head and neck reconstruction. It offers versatile, low-morbidity options to address defects that arise due to either oncologic resection, trauma, or congenital anomalies. This systematic review examines clinical outcomes and new technological developments in the use of perforator flap surgery for head and neck reconstruction. Peer-reviewed studies will be identified through the use of a wide search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (2005 to 2025) related to types of flaps (ALT, PAP, TDAP, DIEP), clinical outcomes (survival, complications, functional and aesthetic outcomes), and technology. For survival and complication rates, data will be extracted to conduct a meta-analysis, whereas data will be extracted to perform a narrative synthesis on the innovations. The expected results are a high survival rate of flaps (99 100 % rate in case of ALT, PAP, TDAP), low rates of donor site morbidity, and better functional (speech, swallowing) and aesthetic outcomes than those available in traditional flaps. Other technologies (Doppler ultrasound, CT angiography, freestyle flap design, supermicrosurgery, and robotic assistance) are expected to improve surgical precision and outcomes. Perforator flaps are trusted and effective, and continue to have breakthroughs in their area of applicability. Future studies should focus on standardized outcome reports, prospective multicenter research, and the use of novel flap designs and bioengineered grafts to refine head and neck reconstruction further.