Cannabis sativa: Monoecious species and Hermaphroditism: Feminized seed production- A breeding effort
1 Scientist & Biotechnology Consultant (Independent), Shahapur- Belagavi-590003, Karnataka State, India.
2 Department of Botany, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad-580003, Karnataka State, India.
3 Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Mangalore, Karnataka State, India.
4 Ward Herbarium, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
Review
World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2024, 20(03), 169–183.
Article DOI: 10.30574/wjbphs.2024.20.3.0968
Publication history:
Received on 29 October 2024; revised on 04 December 2024; accepted on 06 December 2024
Abstract:
Cannabis sativa L. is a dioecious wind-pollinated, although monoecious plants (male and female flowers on same plant) can occur in some population or developed by breeding efforts. Monoecious species have many advantages in the agricultural and industrial sectors due to the self-pollination and minimum variation in cannabinoid content from generation to generation. Monoecious species of cannabis also play an important role in the production of feminized seed production. Production of all female seed requires induction of female plants to develop male flowers that produce genetically female pollen. The aim of the cannabis commercial growers would like to access the feminized seed to produce all-female crops. Exogenous application of plant growth regulators can modify or reverse sex morphology in plants. There are a number of solutions that can be sprayed on female plants to create male pollen sacs: benzothiadiazole, gibberellic acid, silver thiosulphate, silver nitrate, and colloidal silver. Silver thiosulfate (STS) is the most effective compound for inducing sex reversal and feminizing seeds in high-THC cannabis cultivars. A hermaphrodite flower is one that has both staminate (male) and pistillate (female) floral structures on the same plant. A hermaphrodite flower is in the form of banana-shaped male anthers that emerge from the female flowers in small bunches, changing from green to a pale yellow as they develop. However, plants grown from feminized seeds are more likely to become hermaphrodites. The development of male anthers within the female inflorescence is known as hermaphrodite. Hermaphroditism is due to physical or chemical stress.
Keywords:
Banana male anthers; Cannabis sativa; Dioecious; Feminized seeds; Hermaphrodite flower; monoecious; Sex determination; Silver Thiosulfate (STS)
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