Chemical assessment of emerging endocrine disruptors in food systems: Analytical methodology and toxicological implications

Background: Emerging endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in food pose a growing challenge to chemical food safety because they interfere with hormonal regulation. These compounds are detected in multiple food matrices and food-contact materials, including plastics and metal can coatings. Chronic exposure, even at trace concentrations, has been associated with metabolic, reproductive, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Moreover, replacing bisphenol A (BPA) with structural analogues (BPF, BPS, BPAF) and epoxy derivatives such as BADGE has raised concerns about regrettable substitution, since several alternatives show comparable endocrine activity. 
Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches in PubMed, ScienceDirect, MDPI Journals, SciELO, and Frontiers identified original experimental studies on chemical detection and toxicological relevance of EDCs in foods and food-contact materials. Eligible studies applied validated analytical techniques, including LC–MS/MS, UHPLC–MS/MS, often combined with QuEChERS, SPE, or SPME. After screening and eligibility assessment, 20 experimental articles were included. 
Results: Most studies employed chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, enabling trace-level quantification, frequently in the ng/kg range. Multiclass methods simultaneously determined bisphenols, phthalates, parabens, epoxy-related migrants, and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Bisphenols were consistently detected in processed foods, canned products, and dairy matrices. Migration was strongly influenced by packaging composition, temperature, and contact time, and endocrine-active compounds were reported even in materials labeled as BPA-free. 
Discussion & Conclusion: High-resolution chromatographic–spectrometric advances have strengthened EDC monitoring in food systems. However, challenges remain regarding methodological harmonization, evaluation of substitutes and NIAS, and integration of analytical results with toxicological interpretation. This supports improved health.