Current and emerging biomarkers in breast cancer: A review

The second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women is breast cancer, a complicated illness. A growing body of research suggested that a number of variables, including environmental and genetic factors, may be linked to the development and spread of breast cancer. One of the most crucial parts of treating breast cancer is early diagnosis of patients. Imaging methods are primary diagnosis approaches among a variety of diagnosis platforms that may yield important information about individuals with breast cancer. Numerous imaging modalities, including computed tomography (CT), positron-emission tomography (PET), mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), have been demonstrated to be useful for diagnosing and tracking patients with breast cancer at different stages of the disease. In addition to imaging methods, patients with breast cancer may benefit from the use of biochemical biomarkers such proteins, genes, DNA, mRNAs, and microRNAs as additional diagnostic and therapeutic tools. We reviewed a number of imaging modalities in this review, along with current conventional, cutting-edge, and prospective biomarkers that may be used to diagnose breast cancer in patients.