Cytotoxicity of nanosized natural powders

Nanosized natural powders have drawn more attention in pharmaceutical and biological research due to their increased bioavailability, greater cellular absorption, and possible therapeutic efficacy. Traditional medicine frequently uses medicinal plants like clove (Syzygium aromaticum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and turmeric (Curcuma longa), but their traditional powdered forms frequently have low solubility and limited biological performance. A viable way to get around these restrictions is to nano size these natural particles using physical techniques like ball milling and high-energy grinding. Nanosizing can drastically change physicochemical characteristics and biological interactions despite their natural origin, which raises concerns about safety and cytotoxicity. With an emphasis on in vitro cytotoxicity investigations and safety assessment, this article offers a thorough summary of nanosized natural powders. Nanosizing methods, frequently utilizes cell lines and cytotoxicity tests, and underlying mechanisms of cytotoxicity such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial malfunction, apoptosis, and DNA damage. Additionally due considerations were given on safety factors, such dose-dependent toxicity, biocompatibility with normal cells, and regulatory issues. It may be concluded; nanosized ginger, turmeric, and clove powders have shown encouraging therapeutic potential with specific cytotoxicity toward cancer cells; however, additional in vivo and clinical research, and systematic safety evaluation are often necessary to ensure their safe pharmaceutical applications.