Female genital vascular malformations: A comprehensive multimodal review of diagnosis, genetics, and minimally invasive treatment strategies

Vascular malformations of the female genitalia encompassing venous, lymphatic, and arteriovenous anomalies are rare yet clinically important, often causing pain, bleeding, and impaired reproductive function. These deformities may be congenital or acquired and present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
This literature review synthesizes evidence on classification, pathophysiology, and advances in diagnostic imaging and treatment. It also explores the role of genetics and targeted therapies.
With recent innovations in minimally invasive procedures and molecular diagnostics, this review aims to guide clinicians toward more personalized, effective interventions for these complex and underrecognized vascular conditions.