The impact of triclosan on renal and pulmonary systems: A comprehensive review

Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used antimicrobial agent found in personal care products, household items, and industrial applications. While its effectiveness as a bacteriostat is well documented, emerging research highlights its potential toxicity as it is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that affects hormonal balance and is absorbed through skin contact, ingestion, and inhalation. This review underscores the potential health hazards of long-term TCS exposure, particularly in disrupting kidney and lung function. Experimental research in rodents and aquatic species has demonstrated that TCS exposure leads to weight loss, renal fibrosis, structural alterations, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Histological and biochemical analyses reveal increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, indicating impaired kidney function. Pulmonary toxicity studies link TCS exposure to asthma, allergic reactions, and lung inflammation. Given its extensive use beyond regulated applications, future research should focus on understanding its long-term effects and developing safer formulations to mitigate public health risks.