Phytofabrication green synthesis of silver nanoparticle from Pontederia crassipes with antimicrobial and antioxidant potential

Pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth) has been identified as a significant contributor to substantial economic and ecological detriment in tropical aquatic systems and environments. The formidable species is nearly impossible to eliminate, characterized by rapid reproduction that facilitates swift and extensive proliferation, potentially suffocating entire rivers and aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless, a wide array of bioactive secondary metabolites is present in P. crassipes, demonstrating a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities. Water hyacinth leaf extract comprises alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glutathione, terpenoids, and saponins, all of which exhibit significant antibacterial properties. This study sought to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Water Hyacinth leaf extract, the active phytoconstituents of P. crassipes, and the biosynthesis of novel Water Hyacinth AgNPs mediated by phenolic compounds, utilizing antibacterial lyophilized hydro-ethanolic extracts from P. crassipes as both bio-reduction and capping agents. Pontederia crassipes exhibits significant anti-oxidant action. Water hyacinth is a fast-proliferating aquatic plant species. Specifically, it adversely affects the aquatic ecosystem and biological system. Water hyacinth, however, is abundant in cellulose, a biodegradable substance.