A review on physiological stages of wound healing

A wound is defined as a disruption in the normal anatomical structure and physiological function of body tissues caused by physical, biological, thermal, or chemical injury. Wound healing restores tissue integrity through four overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. It is regulated by cells, cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Adequate nutrition, oxygenation, blood flow, and immune function are required for normal repair. Infection, diabetes, malnutrition, vascular insufficiency, and aging can disrupt healing and cause chronic wounds.