Sustainable production of citric acid using Aspergillus Niger: Optimization of fermentation parameters and utilization of orange peel

This research paper focuses on the production of citric acid using Aspergillus niger, a well-established microorganism in industrial biotechnology. The study outlines the isolation of Aspergillus niger from soil samples, its inoculum preparation, and the fermentation process utilizing orange peel powder as a carbon source. Detailed insights into the composition of the fermentation media, including the necessary carbon, nitrogen, minerals, and pH control, are provided to optimize citric acid yield. The downstream process for citric acid recovery, purification, and estimation using titration with sodium hydroxide is discussed. Additionally, the paper examines various fermentation conditions and strategies, contributing to an in-depth understanding of citric acid production and its potential industrial applications.