Phenotypic Diversity and Production Characteristics of Bali Cattle in Bali Province

This study aimed to examine the phenotypic diversity and production trait characteristics of Bali cattle in Bali Province across three regencies/cities. Observations were conducted on qualitative traits, including head shape, muzzle, hooves, leg color, body color, dorsal stripe, tail switch hair color, and horn characteristics. Quantitative production traits body length, shoulder height, and chest girth were measured directly in both females and males. Animals were grouped by age into I0 (6–12 months), I1 (>12–18 months), I2 (>18–24 months), and I3 (>24–36 months). Results showed low to moderate coefficients of variation for quantitative traits, ranging from 5.21% to 11.35% in females and 3.59% to 13.32% in males, indicating a relatively homogeneous population with limited genetic variation, possibly influenced by restricted gene flow, inbreeding, and farmer selection practices. Qualitative traits were consistent with typical breed characteristics. Females were predominantly reddish across all age groups, while males exhibited a color transition from reddish-brown at younger ages to blackish at maturity. Additional characteristic features included a distinct black dorsal stripe (more prominent at younger ages), white coloration on all four lower legs, black tail switch hair, grayish-black horns, and a compact head shape, conforming to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 7651-4:2023. Overall, the observed population retains the phenotypic characteristics of purebred Bali cattle and remains suitable for breeding purposes.