Integrated phytochemical analysis and biological evaluation of Spathodea campanulata bud fluid for eco- friendly mosquito control applications

Mosquito- borne diseases remain a significant global public health challenge, necessitating the development of safe, eco- friendly, and effective alternatives to synthetic chemical repellents. The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal mosquito repellent cone using Spathodea campanulata calyx (bud) fluid and flower powder. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the calyx fluid revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, carbohydrates, and anthraquinones, which are known for their insecticidal and larvicidal properties. further characterization using FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional group such as hydroxyl and amine groups, indicating phenolic and nitrogen- containing compounds. GCMS analysis identified 28 phytoconstituents, including alkanes, terpenoids, phenolics, esters, and aromatic compounds, many of which are associated with mosquito repellent and antimicrobial activities. The herbal cone was formulated using natural ingredients such as African tulip tree flower, bud fluid, champak, frangipani, linseed, cinnamon, charcoal and castor oil to ensure sustained combustion and slow release of active compounds. The prepared cones were evaluated for physical appearance, burning time, smoke density, ash content, and safety parameters. The formulation exhibited efficient burning with minimal smoke and demonstrated significant mosquito repellency and larvicidal activity. Collectively, the study highlights the potential of Spathodea campanulata as a novel sustainable, and plant- based alternative for mosquito control. The developed herbal cone offers an eco- friendly approach that could reduce dependence on synthetic repellents and contribute to public health protection.