Pubertal development and menarche in rhythmic gymnastics athletes: The influence of training load and energy availability

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport characterized by high technical demands, intensive training schedules, and strong aesthetic expectations. Because participation often begins during childhood and continues throughout critical stages of growth and development, concerns have been raised regarding the potential effects of training and nutritional practices on biological maturation. This narrative review aimed to analyze the scientific evidence regarding the influence of training load and energy availability on pubertal development and menarche in rhythmic gymnastics athletes. A literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, and Google Scholar, including publications from 1999 to 2023. The reviewed studies indicate that intensive training combined with low energy availability may contribute to alterations in endocrine function and delayed pubertal development. Menarche has frequently been reported to occur at a later age among elite rhythmic gymnasts compared with non-athlete populations. However, the interpretation of these findings remains complex due to methodological limitations and the potential influence of genetic and constitutional factors. Current evidence suggests that maintaining adequate energy availability and providing multidisciplinary support are essential for promoting healthy growth and reproductive development while preserving athletic performance. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the long-term effects of intensive training on adolescent athletes and to support evidence-based strategies that protect both health and competitive success.