Names of botanical genera dedicated to genuine persons

The current review article deals with names of botanical genera derived from personal names of ingenuine people (eponyms). It is a sort of continuation of the article dealing with generic names inspired by mythology, and like it is part of the project: Linguistic structure of binomial botanical denominations. Based on Conspectus of the Bulgarian vascular flora, genera names dedicated to real people are alphabetically arranged and accompanied by a short biographical reference for the corresponding eponym. The main word-formative rules relating to the grammatical form of this type of genera names are analyzed, indicating the detected deviations from the established nomenclature norms. Several particular cases of genera names involving additional word-formative elements also are noted.


Introduction
The present article examines the structure and meaning of a particular type of generic names in binominal botanical denominations.It is a sort of continuation of the review "Names of botanical genera inspired by mythology" published in this journal [1] dealing with genus names dedicated to deities and mythological heroes.The focus here is on the denominations given in honor of genuine persons as an expression of recognition and gratitude for their contribution to botany and science in general.The research is based on the Conspectus of the Bulgarian vascular flora, Sofia, 2012 [2], and is a part of a larger project: Linguistic structure of binomial botanical denominations.
Following the rules established by ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature): The name of a genus is a noun in the nominative singular, or a word treated as such, and is written with an initial capital letter (see Art. 60.2).It may be taken from any source whatever, and may even be composed in an absolutely arbitrary manner, but it must not end in -virus (Division II, Chapter III, Section 3, Article 20,1) [3].
Generic names are presented according to the IPNI (International Plant Names Index) [4], which provides detailed nomenclatural information regarding the correct spelling, the author and first place, and date of publication for the scientific names of Vascular Plants, as well as the status of each denomination.
The genus names considered in this article are formed based on the names of real people.These names do not reflect specific characteristics or peculiarities of the particular genus but represent an act of appreciation for the achievements of the corresponding eponym.
The ICBN recommends not to dedicate genera to persons quite unconnected with botany or at least with natural science [3,Recommendation 20 A].That is why the considered names usually relate to persons involved in medicine and natural sciences -physicians, naturalists, botanists, and keen plant collectors.Many of them possess rich collections of plants, minerals, and fossils.Others create or manage botanical gardens; participate in explorer expeditions; collect and describe new species.These people laid the foundations for the systematic study of nature and botany in particular with their efforts, research, and scientific treatises.
Much less are the genus names given in honor of a famous scholar (Galilea -to commemorate Galileo Galilei), or a historical person for whom there is literary evidence, that she used the particular plant (Euphorbia -for Euphorbus, a Greek physician of the king of Numidia Juba II; Gentiana -for Gentius, the last king of the Illyria; Carlina -probably for Charlemagne, etc.).

Names of genera 2.1 Aldrovanda
Aldrovanda L. Species Plantarum (1753) Aldrovanda L. Genera Plantarum ed. 5 (1754) The genus name is dedicated to Ulisse Aldrovandi (in Italian is also called Aldroandi [6]), Latinized as Ulysses Aldrovandus (1522 -1605).Italian physician and pharmacist, naturalist and botanist, professor of philosophy and natural sciences at the University of Bologna.Director of the public botanical garden in Bologna.Author of an "Historia naturalis" [5].

Andrzeiowskia
Andrzeiowskia Rchb., Iconogr.Bot.Pl.Crit.1: 15, t. 15 (1823) The genus name is dedicated to Antoni Lukianowicz Andrzejowski (1785 -1868), a Polish-Lithuanian botanist and paleontologist, professor at Kyiv, member of the Moscow Society of naturalists and also the Warsaw Natural History Society, researcher of Ukraine flora, and director of the Stavyshche Botanical Garden in Ukraine [5].

Aubrieta
Aubrieta Adans., Fam.Pl. (Adanson) 2: 420 (1763) The genus is dedicated to Claude Aubriet (1665 -1742), a French botanical illustrator at the Jardin du Roi in Paris and a royal botanical painter from 1707.Aubriet accompanied Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and the German physician and botanist Andreas von Gundelsheime on their expedition to the Middle East from 1700 to 1702.His numerous drawings and nature history miniatures are kept in the Prints and Drawings Department of the National Library in Paris [6].
The genus is dedicated to Johann Bartsch, Latinized as Bartsius (1709 -1738), a German physician, keen botanist and plant collector, acquaintance and assistant of Linnaeus with the publication of "Flora Lapponica".By the solicitation of Linnaeus, Bartsch was sent to Suriname, where he died prematurely.In his honor, Linnaeus denominates the genus Bartsia after him [5].
The genus is dedicated to Ferdinando Bassi (1710 -1774), an Italian naturalist and botanist, plant collector, prefect of the Bologna Botanical Garden, and author of "Ambrosina novum plantae genus" (1763).He was a correspondent of some scientists of his time, including Linnaeus [5].

Beckmannia
Beckmannia Host, Icon.Descr.Gram.Austriac.3: 5, t. 6 (1805) The genus is named for Johann Beckmann (1739 -1811), a German scientist and traveler who taught Physics, Natural History, and Economics in Göttingen, where in 1768 founded a botanic garden on the principles of Linnaeus.The word "technology" is believed to be created by him [5].

Berteroa
Berteroa DC., Mém.Mus.Hist.Nat.7:232 (1821) The genus is dedicated to Carlo Luigi Giuseppe Bertero (1789 -1831), a Piedmontese physician and botanist, and plant collector during expeditions in the islands of the Antilles as well as in South America.Particularly significant is the exploration of the island of Mas a Tierra in the Juan Fernández archipelago.Between 1828 and 1830, he explored the central regions of Chili, collecting huge collections.Died in the Pacific during a return voyage from Tahiti [6].

Blackstonia
Blackstonia Huds., Fl.Angl.(Hudson) 146, nomen prius (1762 The genus is named after John Blackstone (1712 -1753), an English pharmacist and botanist, author of"Fasciculus plantarum circa Harefield sponte nascentium" (1737) and "Specimen botanicum" (1746), containing 367 British plants description [5,6].The genus of mushrooms is dedicated to Lodovico Caldesi (1821 -1884), an Italian botanist and mycologist from Faenza, active politician during the Risorgimento, and Member of Parliament.Author of "Florae Faventinae Tentamen".His herbarium is held in the Botanical Garden of the University of Bologna, and his library containing a set of botany and natural sciences works is at the Municipal Library in Faenza [6].

Commelina
Commelina L., Sp.Pl. 1: 40 (1753) The genus name is given in honor of Jan (Johannes) Commelin (1629 -1692), a Dutch botanist, professor in Amsterdam, a scholar of the flora of Holland and the West Indies [6], director of the botanical garden, and of his nephew Caspar Commelin (1668 -1731), physician and botanist, professor at the Collegium Medicum.Acording to Linnaeus each of them represents one of the amazing petals of Commelina communis [5].

Euphorbia
Euphorbia L., Sp.Pl. 1: 450 (1753) The genus name probably is relating to Euphorbus, a Greek physician to the king of Numidia Juba II, who -according to Pliny -discovered the medicinal virtues of this plant.The name itself "euphorbus" derives from Greek ἐῧ (good) and φέρβω (nourish) or φορβή (nourishment), therefore "well-fed" [6,7].The genus is named for Gabriele Fallopio, Latinized as Fallopius (1523 -1562), an Italian physician, anatomist, and pharmacologist, professor at the University of Pisa as well as of Padua, and also superintendent of the botanical gardens there [5,7].

Gagea
The genus is dedicated to Sir Thomas Gage, 7th Baronet of Hengrave (1781 -1820), an English botanist and plant collector of rare European plants, possessing various specimens in his herbarium [5,6].

Kochia
Kochia Roth, J. Bot.(Schrader) 1800(1): 307 (1801) The genus is dedicated to Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch (1771 -1849), a German physician and botanist, professor of botany and medicine at the University of Erlangen, and director of the botanical garden.A foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1833.Author of "Synopsis Florae Germanicae et Helveticae" (1837) [5,6].
[Persoon] 1: 97 (1805 The genus is named after Georg Ludwig Koeler (1765 -1807), a German physician, pharmacist, botanist, professor in Mainz, and author of the work on the family Poaceae: "Descriptio Graminum in Gallia et Germania" (1802) [6].The name is given in honor of Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter (1733 -1806), a German physician and botanist, member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, professor of natural history at Karlsruhe for a short time, and director of the botanical garden at Baden.Kölreuter scientifically studied the phenomena of hybridization, creating hybrids of numerous species and following their development for several generations [6,7].

Lindernia
Lindernia All., Mélanges Philos.Math.Soc.Roy.The genus is named for Pietro Andrea Mattioli, Latinized as Petrus Andreas Matthiolus (1500 -1577), an Italian physician, naturalist, and botanist from Siena, author of one of the first botanical works of the Modern Age -"Compendium de plantis omnibus" (1571) as well as a translator of Dioscorides [5].
The genus is named after Giuseppe Monti (1682 -1760), an Italian chemist and botanist, professor of botany and director of the Bologna Botanical Garden [5].Carl Linnaeus published Montia in his honor.

Pritzelago
Pritzelago Kuntze, Revis.Gen. Pl. 1: 35 (1891 The genus is dedicated to Georg August Pritzel (1815 -1874), a German librarian and botanist, archivist at the Prussian Academy of Sciences [6].The name is formed through suffix -ago denoting connection, likeness, or some effect produced by the plant or by natural quality inherent in this plant [9].
The genus is named after Robert Teesdale (1740 -1804), an English botanist and horticulturist in Yorkshire, a member of the Linnean Society of London, and author of "Plantae Eboracenses" (1792) [5].

The grammatical form of the genera names -rules and exceptions
The genus names are nouns feminine, whether they note a man or a woman (ICBN, Recommendation 20A) [3].When forming these names, several word-formative rules should be considered (ICBN, Recommendation 60B) [3]:

Conclusion
The research on the genera names dedicated to ingenuine persons (eponyms) is a small step in the acquaintance of the various and multi-layered botanical denominations.These names do not carry direct information about the characteristic features and peculiarities of the described genus, but in a special way, they enrich the cultural context in which this genus arose.Getting to know the history, life path, and achievements of significant individuals from different eras expands the horizon of knowledge and can be an inspiring stimulus for the searching human spirit.
Regarding the grammar form of the eponymic names, there exist several deviations from the nomenclature recommendations, and they probably could be interpreted as an effort to simplify and make it easier to perceive the newly created generic names.

Disclosure of conflict of interest
The work is an independent development of the author, with no supporting grants or competing interests.

3. 1  3 . 2 
When the name of the person ends with a vowel, the letter -a is added (e. g.Duchesnea -from A.N. Duchesne, or Berteroa -for C. L. G. Bertero).Exceptions: when the name ends with -a, -ea is added; when with -ea, no letter is added Deviations from this recommendation were identified at the following names: Blackstonia instead of Blackstonea (from J. Blackstone)  Cortusa instead of Cortusoa (from G. A. Cortuso)  Danthonia instead of Danthoinea (from E. Danthoine)  Galilea instead of Galileia (from G. Galilei)  Galinsoga instead of Galinsogaea (from I. M. M. de Galinsoga)  Imperata instead of Imperatoa (from F. Imperato)  Malabaila instead of Malabailaea (from J. E. Malabayla)  Marsilea instead of Marsilia (from L. F. Marsili)  Matthiola instead of Matthiolia (from P. A. Matthioli)  Molina instead of Molinaea (from J. I. Molina)  Neslia instead of Neslea (from J. A. N. de Nesle)  Teesdalia instead of Teesdalea (from R. Teesdale) When the name of the person ends with a consonant, the letters -ia are added (e. g.Ammannia -from P. Ammann, or Reichardia -from J. J. Reichard) but when the name ends with -er, both -ia and -a is appropriate (e. g.Sesleria -from Sesler and Listera -from Lister).Deviations: Commelina instead of Commelinia (from J. Commelin)  Morina instead of Morinia (from L. P. Morin)  Ramonda instead of Ramondia (from L.-F.Ramond)  Ventenata instead of Ventenatia (from É. P. Ventenat) 8[a].2: 790 (1791), nom.illeg.