An article reviews of anti-cataract activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Annona squamosa leaves

Other medicines and natural remedies have been used for the treatment and health of people since ancient times. Medicinal plants are considered useful and of the most important purpose. It can be applied to botanical medicines, nutraceuticals, medicines, food products, cosmetics, etc. There is an increasing demand for. Custard apples. It is a versatile tree whose fruit is edible and a source of medicine and products. It is used as antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic activity, genotoxicity, antitumor activity, anti-inflammatory drug. Cataract is nothing but visual impairment caused by a defect in the lens. It is one of the causes of blindness worldwide; It accounts for approximately 42% of all blindness. One significant risk factor for the development of posterior subcapsular cataracts is long-term glucocorticoid usage. The preventive and therapeutic effects of many herbs such as onion, Chinese cinnamon and ginkgo, which have protective properties against cataracts, have been reported. This review demonstrates the therapeutic potential of custard apple leaf extract as an anti-cataract effect


Introduction
Globally, cataracts are the primary cause of blindness.
Diabetes is considered an important risk factor for cataract development.It is understood that the age of onset of catar acts is earlier in diabetic patients and the incidence is 5 times higher.It is reported that approximately 20% of cataract surgeries are performed only on diabetic patients.Lens clouding in cataracts is a problem of diabetes and is associate with oxidative and hyperosmotic stress.(Hajarnavis, 2019) The formation of cataracts is linked to oxidative damage in the lens, and the significance of antioxidant enzymes in averting both cataract development and oxidative damage in the lens is demonstrated bt decline in antioxidant enzyme activity in cataractous lenses.Numerous treatments, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and aldose reductase inhibitors, are being investigated for their potential to prevent cataract development.(Hajarnavis, 2019) Global estimates show that approximately 2.2 billion people suffer from partial blindness, of which approximately 65 million are caused by cataracts.According to the National Eye Institute, the number of people living with this disease i n the United States is expected to double from 24.4 million to approximately 15 million by 2050 [25].Approximately 6 0% of people in Africa and parts of South America are blind.It is also more common in women and less common in His panics and blacks.(Urimindi Pravallika, 2022) Global Prevalence: According to the World Health Organization, these billions include people with distance vision loss, nearsightedness or blindness because the problem is not solved.Cataracts usually occur with age.This is the disease of the elderly.Reactive oxygen species in the eye lens kill biomolecules, including DNA, proteins, and phospholipids, ca using lipid peroxidation and depletion of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH, resulting in further oxidative stress.(Urimindi Pravallika, 2022)

Antioxidant Activity
An initial phytochemical examination of the ASL extract indicated the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins.
Sesquiterpenes, diterpene alcohols, triterpenes, and ketones are found in the leaves.

Vasodilator Activity
Vasodilators are drugs that can be used to treat blood arteries in the brain and heart and enhance blood flow to the extremities.On the rat aorta, the cyclic octapeptide cyclosquamosin B, which was extracted from Cherimoya seeds, may have vasodilator properties.The primary cause of cyclosulfonate-induced vasodilation is the blockade of voltage-gated calcium channels, which prevents calcium from entering the extracellular space.Natural treatment from medicinal plants is considered a good and safe indispensable treatment of liver toxins.To inve stigate its use in the treatment of hepatotoxicity in humans, the hepatoprotective effects of the anonymous alcohol ext ract and the aqueous extract were evaluated in animal hepatotoxicity.According to clinical research, custard apple extract may lessen the negative effects of isoniazid and rifampicin on the liver, but it cannot induce the liver damage that these medications produce.The antioxidant properties of the flavonoids in custard apple leaf extract may be the cause of its protective properties.Methanolic extract of Annona cherimoya has a protective effect against hepatotoxicity caused by isoniazid and rifampicin.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis (Jyoti, 2023)
Analysis of the presence of alkaloids, tannins and other phytoconstituents in the ethanolic extract of Annona cherimoy a.

Test for phenol ferric chloride
Mix 1 milliliter of extract with 3 millilitres of distilled water, then add a few drops of an aqueous 10% ferric chloride solution.The development of a green tint signifies the existence of phenols.

Shinoda Test
Add 1 ml of 1% ammonia solution to 2 ml of extract.The appearance of yellow indicates the presence of flavonoids.

Ferric Chloride Test
First, mix 1 millilitre of 0.008M potassium ferricyanide with 1 millilitre of extract.Next, mix 1 millilitre of 0.02M ferric chloride with 0.1N HCl.A blue-black hue that appears denotes the presence of tannins.

Saponin Test
Test for Foam Combine put 5 ml of distilled water and 2 ml of crude extract in a test tube, then give it a good shake.Add a couple of olive oil drops.There were saponins present, according to stable data.

Testing of Triterpenoids
To 1.5 millilitres of extract, add 1 milliliter of the Libermann-Buchard reagent (concentrated sulphuric acid plus acetic anhydride).Triterpenoids are indicated by the development of a blue-green tint.

Acid Test
Apply a solution of sodium bicarbonate to 1 milliliter of extract.The presence of acid is indicated by the effervescent behaviour.

Mayer Test
Two millilitres of Mayer's reagent are combined with about one millilitre of crude extract.

Conclusion
In conclusion, this article review examines the potential of Annona squamosa leaves, commonly known as Soursop, as a source of natural anti-cataract compounds.The hydroalcoholic extract demonstrates promise in reducing lens opacity, potentially due to its antioxidant properties.Further research is needed to confirm these Findings and explore safe and effective dosages for human use.If successful, this natural extract could offer a valuable therapeutic option for cataract treatment, providing a potentially more affordable and accessible solution for communities with limited access to conventional healthcare.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Pharmacological Activities of Annona squamosa L.